With the exception of 5.8S and 28S, the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA was the core barcode for identification of medicinal plants and its adulterants.
With the exception of psbA and trnH genes, the chloroplast psbA-trnH was the supplemented barcode for identification of medicinal plants and its adulterants.
The mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) with 650 bp near the 5’ end of the gene was the core barcode for identification of medicinal animals.